Table 2 Types and levels of awareness of novel marine-climate interventions (n = 332 respondents)
From: Novel marine-climate interventions hampered by low consensus and governance preparedness
Type | Detail | Sub-type | Awareness (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Marine geoengineering | Manipulation of the oceanic and atmospheric climate to increase uptake and removal of atmospheric carbon or mitigate direct heating effects | Shading and cooling water and habitat | 40 |
Ocean fertilization | 3 | ||
Ocean alkalinity enhancement | 2 | ||
Artificial upwelling and downwelling | 2 | ||
Marine bioengineering | Manipulation of marine evolutionary processes and ecosystem function and condition | Artificial habitat manipulation | 79 |
Assisted evolution of marine species | 66 | ||
Assisted migration and colonization of marine species | 34 | ||
Controlling climate-exacerbated destructive species | 2 | ||
Coastal and marine restoration | Repairing a climate-impacted catchment-to-marine ecosystem or population | Regrowing targeted underwater species | 76 |
Regrowing targeted coastal species | 66 | ||
Natural stabilization of reefs and coasts | 62 | ||
Catchment habitat restoration | 1 | ||
Marine social–institutional capacity building | Enabling communities and organizations to make marine-climate decisions and redress climate impacts | Anticipatory marine-climate science | 1 |
Climate-resilient marine protected area management | 1 | ||
Coastal adaptation community planning | 1 | ||
Climate-adaptive fisheries management | 1 | ||
Biological marine carbon dioxide removal | Creation or restoration of carbon sinks from natural marine resources | Aquaculture for carbon sequestration | 56 |
