Extended Data Fig. 7: Lake bottom heatwaves under climate change.

Simulated (a-c) occurrence, (d-f) duration, (e-g) intensity, (h-j) cumulative intensity of bottom heatwaves (1980-2022). Panels (a), (d), (e) and (h) show the historic average of each heatwave metric (1980-2022), with the global distribution of each bottom heatwave metric (blue) compared against those of lake surface heatwaves (red) in (b), (e), (f), and (i). In each histogram, the green square represents the median. Shown in (c), (f), (g) and (j) are the simulated changes in bottom heatwave characteristics. The solid line represents the global average, and the shaded region represents the standard deviation. Trends for each time series are shown. Basemaps in a,d,e,h made with Natural Earth.