Extended Data Fig. 8: Evolution of lake bottom heatwaves in the Great Lakes.

Shown are the (a) spatial variability across the Great Lakes for the annual mean occurrence and the simulated changes in the (b) occurrence, (c) average duration, (d) average intensity, and (e) average cumulative intensity of lake bottom heatwaves from 1980 to 2022 in the Great Lakes. Panel (f) shows the simulated change in the percentage of the Great Lakes area experiencing a bottom heatwave from 1980 to 2022. Basemap in a made with Natural Earth.