Extended Data Fig. 4: Impacts of grid integration on the economic feasibility of FIPV deployment.
From: Building façade photovoltaics enhance global climate resilience
a, Self-consumption rates of FIPV generation at the individual building level (that is, without local grid integration). b, Comparison of self-consumption rates at the building level and after grid integration within grid-cells across three representative climate zones. c–d, Changes in cumulative electricity expenditures (c) and internal rate of return (d) at the building level. In a, c, and d, insets show the distribution of grid-cell values (n = 47,175) using violin and box plots. The central line indicates the median; boxes represent the interquartile range (25th–75th percentile); whiskers denote the minimum and maximum values excluding outliers. Compared with Fig. 3, these results highlight the benefits of local grid aggregation in enhancing self-consumption and economic performance. All analyses were based on the base scenario. Basemap data in a, c and d from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com).
