Fig. 1: Primary steel production and BF-BOF capacity additions by region.
From: Averting the steel carbon lock-in through strategic green investments

a, Successive waves of steel production, identified by combining historical primary steel production data (1900–2022) from the World Steel Association with scenario data from the SSP2 Current Policies Implemented REMIND scenario (2023–2050; Methods). WW2, World War II. b, Historical and planned BF-BOF capacity additions, derived from the GEM Iron and Steel plant tracker data35. The regional groups are defined in Methods.