Fig. 1: Various interventions could improve material circularity in the PV sector.
From: Role of the social factors in success of solar photovoltaic reuse and recycle programmes
a–i, Landfill ban (a), high material recovery (96%) and US $18 per module recycling costs (b), lower recycling costs (US $18 per module) (c), higher landfill costs (US $2.75 per module) (d), improved learning (from 30 to 60 yr in 2050) (e), improved learning effect (learning parameter = 0.6) (f), reuse warranties (equal new/used attitude) (g), seeding reuse (5% of population per year) (h) and baseline (i). Some interventions, which include improved warranties (g) and seeding used modules (h), particularly boost module repair and reuse. Other interventions, such as lower initial recycling costs (c) and higher landfill costs (d), boost recycling.
