Fig. 1: Income, expenditure and energy use distributions by household type in the EU.

a, Annual net household income distribution in euro (EUR) per capita including non-monetary remunerations and excluding income tax. b, Annual household consumption expenditure distribution measured in EUR per capita. c, Annual energy use distribution including home energy, transport energy and energy embodied in consumption measured in terajoules per capita. d, Average energy use by consumption category in percentages summing to 100% for each type of household (see legend for colour coding). Household types: DIS, household with a disabled and economically inactive member; OTHER, household with economically inactive member for reasons other than permanent disability; EACTIVE, household with only economically active members. The lines within the boxes represent the medians (in the colour of the boxes) and means (in black), whereas the boxes themselves describe the 25th (bottom hinge) and 75th (top hinge) percentiles. The top/bottom whiskers reflect the maximum/minimum if there are no outliers (±1.5 times the interquartile range); in cases of outliers, they describe the highest/lowest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range of the previous value. The box plots exclude all outliers. Sample sizes for a, excluding Italy due to lack of income data, are as follows: DIS, 7,319; OTHER, 93,003; EACTIVE, 52,186. Sample sizes for b–d: DIS, 7,722; OTHER, 107,746; EACTIVE, 59,498. Supplementary Figs. 2 and 3 contain the energy, income and expenditure distributions within the total and disability samples, and by country.