Extended Data Fig. 2: Size distribution of ND+ and other nanoparticles used for comparison.

TEM images of ND+ particles, the scale bar indicates 5 nm in the TEM image. Hydrodynamic particle size distribution of b. ND+, c. ND−, d. POSS−, and e. POSS+ particles based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. All measurements were performed at 25 °C using aqueous dispersions of 5 mg mL−1.