Fig. 1: Quasi-experimental designs for recurring mobility and event-based mobility.

Here we show the three quasi-experimental designs used to evaluate changes in travel time resulting from the evening micromobility ban in the city of Atlanta. Areas where the ban is enforced are shown in grey as the policy zone with various counterfactuals as the reference areas. a,b, The counterfactual analyses in the Midtown Experiment (a) and MARTA Experiment (b) measure the effects of the policy intervention on recurring mobility, such as daily commuting. c, The counterfactual analysis in the Mercedes-Benz Experiment measures the effects of the policy intervention on event-based mobility, such as sporting events. In a, the blue region represents the treatment area of interest in the city centre where scooters are available but are banned during evening hours. The colours purple, orange and green are used to denote counterfactual regions with and without scooter availability, both inside and outside the policy zone. In b, we target analysis in blue regions near MARTA subway stations. These are then compared with counterfactual MARTA subway stations outside the policy zone, shown in orange. In c, we compare travel time before and after the policy from Mercedes-Benz Stadium, home to Major League Soccer matches and shown in pink, to nearby census tracts shown in yellow. The grey outlines represent US census tract boundaries. For all three quasi-experimental designs, we find statistically significant spillover effects of the policy on traffic congestion. More information about the statistical estimators and protocols used are in Methods.