Fig. 2: Performance of fuel cells with flat and grooved electrodes.

a–c, Polarization curves demonstrating the effects of I/C ratio on i of flat and grooved electrodes (1 µm/3 µm) at 150 kPaabs, 80 °C, H2/air and 100% RH (a), 75% RH (b) and 40% RH (c). E, applied potential. d, Performance enhancement provided by the grooved electrode relative to a flat electrode at their optimal I/C values (1.2 and 0.9, respectively) at different voltages. The cathode loading was 0.3 mgPt cm−2, with less than 5% variation. The current density was calculated by dividing the measured current by the geometric active area of 5 cm2.