Fig. 4: Relocation savings for the different import and electricity-price cases.
a–f, Low-carbon production of steel (a,d), urea (b,e) and ethylene (c,f). The top row shows the relocation savings expressed as total cost of production relative to the base case (a–c), whereas the bottom row shows competition between energy-cost savings on the lower and other cost changes on the upper axis (d–f). Results are reported for different electricity-price differences (€20, €40 and €70 MWh−1) according to Table 1. a–c, Production cost relative to base case for the import cases from Fig. 3 (including subcases A/B for case 1). d–f, Comparison between energy-cost savings on the lower axis and transport and financing penalties on the upper axis, with the heatmap showing the resulting relocation savings relative to the base case. Case 1A is shown separately from the other cases and not included in the corridor of values on the top row to highlight its saliency and contrast it with the otherwise monotonous decrease of production cost with increasing depth of relocation. Markers for the same case represent different electricity-price cases and the shaded band on the top row is a simple spline interpolation serving as visual support.
