Fig. 8: Well-to-wheel environmental impacts of HyFiT fuels and the benchmark systems.
The impacts of bio-based (green) and CO2-based (blue) HyFiT-20% fuel and diesel (black) are normalized to the environmental impacts of the BEV (orange). The impact categories on the x axis are sorted by the normalized impacts of the bio-based HyFiT fuel. Results are shown for the supply chains with electricity from wind power as a best-case proxy for a future low-carbon grid (Fig. 7a). The BEV’s battery capacity is varied to 200 kWh (+ symbol) and 300 kWh (× symbol), corresponding to driving ranges of 550 km and 850 km, respectively. Dotted curves are guides to the eye. Contribution and sensitivity analyses are in Supplementary Notes 18–22. HTnc, non-carcinogenic human toxicity; A, acidification; RUm, resource use of minerals and metals; Efw, freshwater eutrophication; HTc, carcinogenic human toxicity; PM, particulate matter; RUe, resource use of energy carriers; OD, ozone depletion; IR, ionizing radiation; CF, carbon footprint; ET, ecotoxicity; POF, photochemical ozone formation; Et, terrestrial eutrophication; WU, water use; Em, marine eutrophication; LU, land use.
