Fig. 5: Comparison of single-pass and multi-pass process performance and CNT product.

The results for five operating conditions, namely, concentrated single-pass (SP), concentrated multi-pass (MP), concentrated multi-pass with biogas (MPbio), dilute single-pass (SP2) and dilute multi-pass (MP2), are shown. a, Comparison of process performance metrics and material characteristics, plotted on a logarithmic scale normalized by the performance of the SP process. b,c, Normalized Raman spectra (b) and TGA curves (c). d–h, TEM images of CNT material produced with SP (d), MP (e), MPbio (f), SP2 (g) and MP2 (h).