Fig. 6: Mass conversion in the pilot-scale processes.

a,b, Mass conversion (g h−1) in pilot-scale single-pass (a) and modelled pilot-scale multi-pass (b) processes, with the multi-pass process demonstrating much more efficient precursor conversion. The Sankey diagrams show the conversion of mass from precursor inputs (i) and elemental inputs (ii) to output streams (iii), as well as a breakdown of the chemical composition of the output streams (iv). Solid flows indicate measured data; striped flows indicate calculated values. See Methods for more details on the construction of these diagrams.