Extended Data Fig. 9: Measured and interpolated CO₂ production rates in Yedoma permafrost without (grey) and with soil transfer (black) over the course of 161 days.

Circles denote measurements of flasks destructively harvested at day 161, triangles represent rates derived by linear interpolation from these data, used to calculate cumulative CO₂ production. Crosses represent the rates measured at the same dates on the set of flasks destructively harvested at day 71, for comparison. Numbers in red indicate the days of measurements linked to destructive harvests. Means ± SE (n = 3), error bars are shown unless smaller than the plotting symbols, asterisks indicate significant differences between control and ST soils at a given date, for the measured rates (that is circles and crosses; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001), note the log₁₀ y-axis.