Extended Data Fig. 5: Comparison of HFC production and CFC emissions which may be associated with HFC production.

The production of HFC-125 (a) and HFC-134a (b) is shown by the blue shading for Article 5 countries and orange shading for non-Article 5 countries. The composite of these two shading blocks shows total global production (without any metric of uncertainty). The estimates of HFC production assumes that all countries have ratified the Kigali Amendment, which to date would underestimate HFC production, and the values displayed are the mean of the lower and upper estimates from ref. ¹⁴. The production quantity is shown on the left axis. Mean global emissions are shown for CFC-115 (pink), CFC-113a (green) and CFC-114a (dark orange) by dotted lines and the shading around the line shows the 1-sigma standard deviation uncertainties in the emissions. The right axis displays the emission values for CFCs by mass. CFC-113a, CFC-114a and CFC-115 are known by-products of HFC-125 production (panel a), and CFC-113a and CFC-114a are a feedstock and intermediate, respectively, in one of the production pathways to HFC-134a (panel b).