Fig. 1: Locations of the samples in this study.
From: Radiocarbon evidence for the stability of polar ocean overturning during the Holocene
a, Map of the Drake Passage, showing the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ), Sars Seamount, Cape Horn and Burdwood Bank, where the deep-sea coral samples were collected. The dark blue line indicates the modern polar front. b, Depth–latitude section of the oxygen distribution in the Drake Passage. The sampling sites are labelled and colour coded (SFZ, yellow; Sars Seamount, blue; Cape Horn, purple; Burdwood Bank, green). The upwelling of UCDW is marked by the arrow. c, Map of the North Atlantic showing the locations of the Reykjanes Ridge samples for this study and the Rockall Trough samples from the literature22,23. d, Depth–latitude section of oxygen distribution in the North Atlantic, with pink points representing Reykjanes Ridge samples. The black lines with white numbers in b and d indicate the modern neutral density anomalies (GLODAPv2.2019; ref. 49). The southward-flowing NADW is marked by the arrow. Plotted with Ocean Data View (https://odv.awi.de/). Oxygen concentration data from WOCE09 (https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/world-ocean-atlas-2009/).
