Fig. 1: The relationship between snow depth on Arctic sea ice and the Arctic Oscillation.

a–f, The June–August mean for 1980–2020 in snow depth (a), the correlation between snow depth anomalies and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) (b), snow depth anomalies regressed onto the AO index (c), the linear response (composite difference) in snow depth anomalies to the AO (d), the nonlinear response (composite sum) in snow depth anomalies to the AO (e) and snow depth anomalies regressed onto the first principal component of snow depth (f). Correlation coefficients between anomalies in snow depth and blue-sky surface albedo in June (g), July (h) and August (i) for areas with at least 80% sea-ice concentration. The light grey contours in c–f are the corresponding results using 1,000 hPa geopotential height anomalies.