Fig. 1: Single-year and multi-year ENSO in proxies and reanalysis. | Nature Geoscience

Fig. 1: Single-year and multi-year ENSO in proxies and reanalysis.

From: Increased frequency of multi-year El Niño–Southern Oscillation events across the Holocene

Fig. 1: Single-year and multi-year ENSO in proxies and reanalysis.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a–d, The temporal evolution of single-year (a and b) and multi-year (c and d) ENSO cases (red lines, El Niño; blue lines, La Niña), showing composites of selected proxy reconstruction of the coral oxygen isotope anomaly (a and c) and the Niño 3.4 SST anomaly (b and d). The solid lines and the shading show the mean and 1 s.d. of all cases in the corresponding composites. e, The locations of the fossil coral synthesis used in this study (magenta circles). The ERSST monthly SSTA variability (s.d.) during 1854–2023 ce is represented by the shaded colours. The black box is for the Niño 3.4 region.

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