Extended Data Fig. 2: Statistics for 10-minute extreme convective precipitation events.

Averaged time series of (a), surface temperature (T) anomaly, and (c), surface dew point temperature (Td) anomaly around 10-minute extreme convective precipitation periods (black vertical line, at t=0). The anomalies were computed from a 6-hour mean centred on the 10-minute extreme precipitation time. The grey shading areas indicate the spread of the anomalies (plus and minus one standard deviation). The horizontal segment is centred on the mean Td retained for the analysis and has a width of two standard deviations. Normalised histograms (PDF) of, (b), T anomalies at the point in time of the retained Td, and (d), of the hour (UTC) when the 10-minute extreme convective precipitation occurs. The black vertical line in (b) indicates the 0∘C anomaly.