Extended Data Fig. 5: Observed climate state during 2020-2023.

Longitude-time evolution of the (a) equatorial SLA (m), (b) SSTA (°C), and (c) 10-m zonal wind anomalies (m/s) during January 2020-December 2023. All meridionally averaged over 2˚S–2˚N. (d)-(f) Observed SLA (m, color shading), SSTA (contours with a 0.2 °C interval), and surface wind anomalies (m/s, vectors) averaged over June–December for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. The lower panels are similar to the middle panels but averaged in (g) JFM, (h) AMJ, and (i) JAS 2023, respectively.