Fig. 3: Storm impacts on air–sea flux variability during SOSCEx-Storm.
From: Southern Ocean summer warming is regulated by storm-driven mixing
a, Cloud top pressure (CTP, in hPa) on 4 January 2019 from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite L2 data, showing the spatial extent of a large storm. Map inset shows region of the maps. b, Air–sea heat fluxes binned by wind direction. Dots show the mean LHF (green), SHF (orange), SWR (gold) and LWR (blue), with error bars indicating standard error of the mean. n values for each wind direction bin placed along the bottom of the panel. The black line is the net heat flux. The shaded region denotes northerly winds. c–f, Snapshot of the ERA5 heat flux components depicting a storm passing over the in situ robotic platforms on the same day as the CTP observations at 17:00 UTC. ERA5 reanalysis data for SHF (c), LHF (d), SWR (e) and LWR (f). Black arrows in a,c–f represent the ERA5 10-m wind vectors, with the black dot showing the storm centre and the black dashed ellipse a 1,000-km radius around the storm centre. The black and white dots shows the location of the SOSCEx-Storm field campaign. Positive heat fluxes denote ocean heat gain. Basemaps in a and c–f from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com).
