Fig. 4: Summer storm-composited heat fluxes across the Southern Ocean.
From: Southern Ocean summer warming is regulated by storm-driven mixing
a–d, Storm composite mean of LHF (a), SHF (b), SWR (c) and LWR (d) during all summer months between 1981 and 2019 based on ERA5 reanalysis. Overlaid black contours show the mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) in hPa, and black arrows indicate 10-m wind vectors. e–h, Summer-mean air–sea heat flux within storms between 1981 and 2019 for LHF (e), SHF (f), SWR (g) and LWR (h). i, Stacked bars show the difference of the summer-mean air–sea heat flux components (LHF (green), SHF (orange), SWR (gold), LWR (blue)) from within storms only and the whole ice-free Southern Ocean average. Units are in W m−2. The black dashed line with markers indicates the net heat flux difference, representing the sum of all components. Basemaps in e–h from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com).
