Extended Data Fig. 5: Comparison of inner-core cooling between moored buoys and microwave satellites.

a, Global map of sampling locations, showing tracks of the sampled tropical cyclones and positions of moored buoys and floats. b, Time series of mean inner-core sea surface temperature (SST) cooling from moored buoys (black) and corresponding microwave satellites (blue). Lines and shaded areas denote mean cooling and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Vertical dashed line indicates the time of TC passage; the cooling value at this point defines the inner-core cooling. c, Scatterplot of inner-core cooling observed by each buoy against the cooling from the corresponding microwave satellite data. 1:1 line (black dashed) is shown for reference. The dataset comprises 2,078 storm-local observations from 55 buoys that encountered tropical cyclones, sourced from: the TAO, PIRATA, and RAMA buoys; the NDBC buoys; the floats under Hurricanes Irma (2017) and Florence (2018); a G2 buoy in the South China Sea; the KEO buoy; and the Bailong buoy under TC Dahlia (2017). Basemaps in a generated using M_Map v1.4 (www.eoas.ubc.ca/~rich/map.html).