Extended Data Fig. 1: Comprehensive schematic representation of the integrated Nutrient-Greenhouse Gas-Cost Benefit Analysis (N-GHG-CBA) methodological framework.

This figure illustrates the key components of the framework, including characterizing watershed-scale anthropogenic nutrient loadings, predictive modeling of lake trophic status dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions using machine learning approaches, and systematic economic valuation of mitigation strategies through cost-effectiveness and climate damage assessment.