Fig. 4: Division of net migration between urban and rural areas.

a–c, The communal (a), provincial (b) and national (c) levels. Each administrative unit was categorized into one of the four classes on the basis of the ‘direction’ of migration in rural and urban areas. For example, if net migration in an administrative unit was positive in both urban and rural areas, then that unit would be categorized as a net receiver, whereas a unit in which urban net migration was positive and rural net migration negative would be categorized as urban pull–rural push. The share of population living in each category was calculated for each administrative level. For instance, 36% of global population lived in communes where both urban and rural net migration were positive (net-receiving communes). See net migration in rural and urban areas by different administrative levels in Extended Data Fig. 6.