Fig. 4: Firing rate of ESNs during reinstated and non-reinstated episodes.

Firing rate of ESNs (n = 136) from cue onset until five seconds later during memory encoding (left) and retrieval (right). We utilized a bootstrapping method to ensure an equal number of reinstated and non-reinstated episodes for each ESN, followed by a computation of the cluster-based permutation test⁴⁶. The proportion of iterations that contained a significant cluster at a specific time point is represented by the greyscale inset at the bottom of each plot. The coloured shaded areas represent the s.e.m. that was calculated across all ESNs. We ensured an equal number of reinstated and non-reinstated episodes per ESN while calculating the s.e.m. using a bootstrapping method.