Table 2 Associations between sleep duration and brain volumetric change

From: No phenotypic or genotypic evidence for a link between sleep duration and brain atrophy

 

Range of sleep duration

Controlling for additional covariates

 

Full range

Restricted (5–9 h)

SES

BMI

Depression

Sleep quality

Brain region

F, d.f., N, P

F, d.f., N, P

F, d.f., N, P

F, d.f., N, P

F, d.f., N, P

F, d.f., N, P

Accumbens

0.07, 1, 8,153, 0.88

0.56, 1, 7,966, 0.69

2.73, 1, 4,654, 0.59

1.01, 2.09, 5,416, 0.52

1.94, 2.42, 5,683, 0.45

3.18, 1, 4,287, 0.16

Amygdala

4.15, 1, 8,151, 0.13

3.75, 1, 7,964, 0.15

1.84, 2.66, 4,652, 0.59

4.5, 3.08, 5,414, 0.03

3.83, 1, 5,681, 0.24

0.83, 1, 4,287, 0.44

Brainstem

4.22, 2.27, 8,137, 0.05

4.53, 2.35, 7,950, 0.03

2.25, 1, 4,636, 0.63

1.08, 1, 5,398, 0.52

1.42, 1.69, 5,665, 0.45

7.83, 1, 4,279, 0.02

Caudate

8.48, 1, 8,146, 0.02 ↓

4.26, 1.3, 7,959, 0.07

1, 1, 4,650, 0.66

10.39, 1, 5,412, 0.02

18.51, 1, 5,679, 0.00

8.54, 1, 4,286, 0.02

CC anterior

0.01, 1, 8,140, 0.98

0, 1, 7,953, 0.98

0.44, 1, 4,640, 0.69

0.16, 1, 5,402, 0.83

0.05, 1, 5,669, 0.88

0, 1, 4,280, 0.99

CC central

0.41, 1, 8,144, 0.7

0, 1, 7,957, 0.98

0.02, 1, 4,646, 0.9

1.09, 1, 5,408, 0.52

0.55, 1, 5,675, 0.67

1.85, 1, 4,284, 0.3

CC mid-anterior

1.4, 1, 8,132, 0.43

1.78, 1, 7,947, 0.36

0.04, 1, 4,638, 0.9

1.09, 1, 5,398, 0.52

0.73, 1, 5,665, 0.6

5.16, 1, 4,272, 0.07

CC mid-posterior

0.03, 1, 8,114, 0.94

0.15, 1, 7,927, 0.8

1.32, 1, 4,626, 0.66

0.22, 1, 5,388, 0.83

0.36, 1, 5,655, 0.74

4.23, 1, 4,278, 0.1

CC posterior

2.72, 1, 8,100, 0.22

2.95, 1.81, 7,913, 0.15

0.71, 1, 4,618, 0.66

2.39, 1, 5,372, 0.42

1.26, 1, 5,637, 0.46

2.01, 1, 4,258, 0.28

Cerebellum cortex

0.39, 1, 8,129, 0.7

0.82, 1, 7,944, 0.58

0, 1, 4,636, 0.99

0.02, 1, 5,390, 0.91

0.01, 1, 5,657, 0.93

0.34, 1, 4,271, 0.67

Cerebellum white matter

13.46, 1, 8,116, 0.01 ↑

12.63, 1, 7,929, 0.01 ↑

0.85, 1, 4,630, 0.66

12.66, 1, 5,384, 0.01

8.76, 1, 5,651, 0.04

27.32, 1, 4,272, 0.00

Cerebral white matter

1.84, 3.39, 8,150, 0.22

2.63, 2.35, 7,963, 0.15

1.08, 3.5, 4,652, 0.66

0.25, 1, 5,412, 0.83

0.22, 1, 5,679, 0.76

0.91, 1, 4,286, 0.44

ICV

0.34, 1, 8,160, 0.7

1.06, 1, 7,973, 0.52

0.88, 1.71, 4,654, 0.66

0.28, 1, 5,416, 0.83

0.07, 1, 5,683, 0.85

0, 1, 4,290, 0.99

Hippocampus

2, 1.8, 8,150, 0.43

0.26, 1, 7,963, 0.72

1.88, 2.33, 4,646, 0.64

1.33, 1.86, 5,408, 0.52

1.75, 1.97, 5,675, 0.45

0.83, 1, 4,288, 0.44

Pallidum

5.46, 1, 8,157, 0.07

3.47, 1, 7,970, 0.15

3.41, 2.24, 4,654, 0.59

5.83, 1, 5,416, 0.08

4.3, 1, 5,683, 0.21

4.01, 1, 4,289, 0.1

Putamen

0.87, 1, 8,138, 0.58

0.45, 1, 7,953, 0.7

0.57, 1, 4,642, 0.66

0.01, 1, 5,404, 0.91

1.49, 1, 5,671, 0.46

6.28, 1, 4,278, 0.04

Thalamus

12.39, 1, 8,150, 0.01 ↑

10.23, 1, 7,963, 0.01 ↑

3.28, 1, 4,650, 0.59

8.97, 1, 5,412, 0.03

4.61, 1, 5,679, 0.2

14.05, 1, 4,284, 0.00

TGV

0.32, 1, 8,152, 0.7

0.32, 1, 7,965, 0.7

1.54, 3.29, 4,648, 0.59

2.81, 3.2, 5,410, 0.42

2.67, 3.22, 5,677, 0.46

0.07, 1, 4,286, 0.89

Ventricles

9.24, 1, 8,139, 0.02 ↓

4.56, 2.86, 7,952, 0.02 ↓

0.08, 1, 4,650, 0.9

1.84, 1, 5,409, 0.44

2.21, 1, 5,678, 0.45

12.71, 1, 4,275, 0.00

  1. The P values are two-sided and adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (bold indicates P < 0.05), and all models were controlled for baseline age, sex, site and follow-up time. Downwards arrows (↓) indicate that longer sleep is associated with greater volume loss; upwards arrows (↑) indicate that shorter sleep is associated with greater volume loss. As the P values are corrected for multiple testing, they are not identical to the P values that can be computed from the d.f., F value and N. For GAMMs, the d.f. reported are estimated degrees of freedom, representing the amount of nonlinearity in the fit. This means that conventional F-tests are not used, and P values for smooth terms are computed using an algorithm accounting for the fact that the degrees of freedom are estimated and not fixed.
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