Fig. 4: Striatum-to-frontal-cortex effective connectivity.
From: Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills
a, Motor network. A 3D reconstruction of the masks used for the motor network (that is, dorso-lateral putamen (dlPu), dorsal caudate (dCa), M1 and SMA) is shown on the left. The plot on the right shows the effective connectivity from motor striatum to motor cortex in the different experimental conditions (n = 24 participants). Note the increase of connectivity with tTIS80Hz in the presence of reinforcement (tTIS80Hz–ReinfON: P = 0.001 (versus tTIS80Hz–ReinfOFF) and P < 0.001 (versus tTISSham–ReinfON)). b, Reward network. A 3D reconstruction of the masks used for the reward network (that is, ventro-medial putamen (vmPu), NAc, vmPFC and ACC) is shown on the left. The plot on the right shows the effective connectivity from motor striatum to motor cortex in the different experimental conditions (n = 24). ROIs were defined on the basis of the BNA12. In a and b, the outputs of LMMs were analysed using ANOVA with Satterthwaite approximation followed by two-sided pairwise comparisons via estimated marginal means with Tukey adjustment. The data are represented as mean ± s.e.
