Table 1 Percentage of subskill scores falling below the substantial-risk and severe-risk benchmarks in each instructional year

From: Inadequate foundational decoding skills constrain global literacy goals for pupils in low- and middle-income countries

Risk level and instructional year

Letter name identification

Letter sound identification

Non-word reading

Oral reading fluency

Substantial risk

    

 Year 1

81%

85%

66%

No benchmark

 Year 2

80%

93%

72%

82%

 Year 3

No benchmark

99%

64%

99%

Severe risk

    

 Year 1

79%

69%

47%

No benchmark

 Year 2

79%

88%

57%

60%

 Year 3

No benchmark

96%

55%

92%