Fig. 2: Overview of the analytic approach using item, scale and label embeddings.
From: Semantic embeddings reveal and address taxonomic incommensurability in psychological measurement
a–c, The embeddings concerning personality items (a), scales (b) and labels (c) from the IPIP (http://ipip.ori.org)19 are shown. The embeddings are obtained using our fine-tuned embedding model (Supplementary Information), and each column represents 1 of 768 dimensions of the embeddings model. In a, each row represents 1 of 4,452 IPIP items; in b, each row corresponds to 1 of 459 scale embeddings obtained by averaging the item embeddings associated with each respective scale in IPIP; in c, each row refers to 1 of 277 labels present in IPIP. d–f, Shown are all pairings of items (d), scales (e) and labels (f), respectively, obtained by computing the cosine similarity between the embeddings shown in a–c. g, The similarity between labels and scales using the cosine similarity between the two, as defined by their respective embeddings.
