Table 7 Estimates and 95% CIs for random effects meta-analyses of financial well-being regressed on childhood predictors

From: Analysis of demographic variation and childhood correlates of financial well-being across 22 countries

Variable

Predictor (level)

Financial security (NOT worry about being able to meet normal monthly expenses) (effect size)

Material security (NOT worry about safety, food or housing) (effect size)

Subjective financial well-being (risk ratio)

Highest income quintile (risk ratio)

Est. (95% CI) τ

Est. (95% CI) τ

Est. (95% CI)

Est. (95% CI)

Relationship with mother (ref: very bad)

Very/somewhat good

0.02 (−0.06 to 0.09) <0.01

0.09 (0.02 to 0.17) 0.04

1.05 (1.01 to 1.09)

0.96 (0.92 to 1.01)

Global P value

0.595

0.233

<0.001**

0.553

Relationship with father (ref: very bad)

Very/somewhat good

0.06 (−0.03 to 0.14) 0.09

0.01 (−0.09 to 0.11) 0.15

1.04 (1.01 to 1.06)

0.93 (0.88 to 0.99)

Global P value

0.006*

0.010*

<0.001**

0.024*

Parent marital status (ref: parents married)

Divorced

−0.17 (−0.32 to −0.02) 0.27

−0.21 (−0.37 to −0.05) 0.31

0.97 (0.94 to 1.00)

0.93 (0.88 to 0.99)

Single, never married

−0.26 (−0.45 to −0.06) 0.38

−0.25 (−0.41 to −0.09) 0.29

0.96 (0.92 to 1.00)

0.91 (0.80 to 1.03)

One or both had died

−0.21 (−0.39 to −0.02) 0.32

−0.26 (−0.45 to −0.07) 0.34

0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)

0.95 (0.86 to 1.04)

Global P value

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

Subjective financial status of family growing up (ref: got by)

Lived comfortably

0.39 (0.29 to 0.49) 0.2

0.34 (0.25 to 0.43) 0.17

1.03 (1.02 to 1.05)

1.15 (1.07 to 1.24)

Found it difficult

−0.3 (−0.39 to −0.21) 0.15

−0.35 (−0.45 to −0.25) 0.18

0.96 (0.94 to 0.98)

0.9 (0.84 to 0.95)

Found it very difficult

−0.63 (−0.79 to −0.47) 0.28

−0.68 (−0.84 to −0.52) 0.27

0.94 (0.91 to 0.96)

0.89 (0.81 to 0.97)

Global P value

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

Abuse (ref: no)

Yes

−0.45 (−0.51 to −0.38) <0.01

−0.38 (−0.48 to −0.29) 0.15

0.93 (0.91 to 0.95)

0.97 (0.90 to 1.03)

Global P value

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

Outsider growing up (ref. no)

Yes

−0.23 (−0.37 to −0.09) 0.29

−0.3 (−0.41 to −0.18) 0.21

0.9 (0.87 to 0.92)

0.91 (0.87 to 0.97)

Global P value

<0.001**

<0.001**

<0.001**

0.013*

Immigration status (ref: born in this country)

No

0.02 (−0.13 to 0.17) 0.21

0 (−0.15 to 0.14) 0.2

1.01 (0.97 to 1.05)

1.12 (1.05 to 1.19)

Global P value

<0.001**

<0.001**

0.004*

0.137

  1. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.004 (Bonferroni-corrected threshold); 95% CI, 95% confidence interval of meta-analytic mean/proportion; and the global P value corresponds to a test of the null hypothesis that there are no differences between the groups for that sociodemographic characteristic in all of the 22 countries (two-tailed test applied). τ is the standard deviation of the distribution of means across countries, which is an indicator of cross-national heterogeneity. Country-specific results are available in version d of Supplementary Tables 2–23.
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