Fig. 1: Example utterances describing an image in English and various hypothetical languages.
From: Linguistic structure from a bottleneck on sequential information processing
a, An English utterance exhibiting natural local systematicity. b, An unnatural systematic language in which ‘gol’ means a cat head paired with a dog head and ‘nar’ means a cat body paired with a dog body. c, A non-local but systematic language in which an utterance is formed by interleaving the words for ‘cat’ and ‘dog’. d, A holistic language in which the form ‘vek’ means ‘a cat with a dog’ with no correspondence between parts of form and parts of meaning.
