Fig. 1: Integrating neuroimaging and pharmacology with computational modelling across species.

a, Across four mammalian species (human, macaque, mouse and marmoset), we consider fMRI data acquired during wakefulness and under a variety of anaesthetic regimes (sevoflurane, propofol, ketamine, isoflurane, halothane and isoflurane–medetomidine). We also investigate spontaneous recovery of consciousness (in humans) and re-awakening induced by thalamic deep-brain stimulation (DBS) during continuous anaesthetic infusion in the macaque. b, We then use network control theory and biophysical computational modelling to provide mechanistic insights by integrating species-specific structural connectivity and species-specific gene expression in human, macaque and mouse. Credits for a: human head icon, walking human silhouette and marmoset icon from pixabay.com; macaque and mouse icons adapted from ref. ¹³³, published under a CC-BY licence; macaque icon originally designed by Freepik.com; mouse icon originally designed by CraftStarters.com; brain icons adapted from ref. ³⁸, published under a CC-BY license, and originally from SciDraw.io; MRI icon adapted from ref. ¹³⁴, published under a CC-BY license; macaque DBS illustration adapted from ref. ³⁰, published under a CC-BY licence.