Extended Data Fig. 5: Charge carrier and strain relaxation dynamics measured with stroboscopic pump-probe in a [(SrTiO₃)₁₆/(PbTiO₃)₁₆]_7.5 superlattice sample.

a. Transient absorption spectroscopy at a few representative time delays; two characteristic peaks (described in the text) are marked by the vertical lines. b. The temporal dynamics measured at the indicated energies (probe energy) provide the charge carrier recombination rate used in DPFM simulations. c. The reversible temporal dynamics and fluence dependence measured at synchrotron for the FE peak using rocking scans and peak profile fitting. Time-dependent peak position is used to estimate the maximum temperature jump (~300 K) and thermal relaxation rate used in DPFM simulations. The error bar represents typical standard deviation from peak profile fitting.