Extended Data Fig. 9: The evolution of skyrmion nanodomains during switching.
From: Skyrmion nanodomains in ferroelectric–antiferroelectric solid solutions
a–c, Vector PFM characterizations of the skyrmion nanodomains for the pristine state and after applying +4.0 and +8.0 V. The skyrmion gradually shrinks and finally annihilates. d–f, Vector PFM characterizations of the skyrmion nanodomains after applying −4.0 and −8.0 V. The skyrmion is created by switching the area (the dashed blue circle) upwards and then becomes larger with increasing negative DC bias. During these erasure/writing processes, the skyrmion nanodomain always keeps its isotropy in in-plane polarization component.
