Fig. 3: Robustness of CSTCs against spatial and temporal perturbations.
From: Space-time crystals from particle-like topological solitons
a, Space-time image showing that the CSTC order recovers from an emergence of space-time dislocation, with the stripe pattern’s slope of tan−1(L/T). b, Layer displacement profile prediction (red solid lines) fits the experimental results (blue dots) reconstructed from a. The horizontal coordinates are derived from the spatial coordinate x – tL/T. c, Space-time image of the CSTC under temporal perturbations. Scale bars, (a and c), 10 μm (white); 3 s (yellow). The retardation plate’s slow axis is labelled by the green double arrow and crossed polarizers are labelled by black double arrows. d, Normalized light signals Ф(t) when temporally randomizing the driving light intensity. The time interval for each random step is 0.1 s. e, Simulated realization obtained after temporally randomizing the light coupling efficiency. The time interval for each random step is 0.01 s. f, Experimentally measured crystal fraction \(\Xi =\mathop{\sum }\nolimits_{1/T-\delta }^{1/T+\delta }\varPhi ({\rm{\omega }}/2{\rm{\pi }})/\sum \varPhi ({\rm{\omega }}/2{\rm{\pi }})\) versus α, with error bars indicating standard deviations from ten realizations, the driving light intensity is randomly distributed in [α, 1]Wdriving, where Wdriving = 1.5 mW cm−2 and δ = 0.03 Hz. g, Normalized light signals Ф(t) for α = 1 (top) and α = 0.4 (bottom). h, Computer-simulated \(\Xi =\mathop{\sum }\nolimits_{1/T-\delta }^{1/T+\delta }{n}_{x}({\rm{\omega }}/2{\rm{\pi }})/\sum {n}_{x}({\rm{\omega }}/2{\rm{\pi }})\) versus α, with the light coupling efficiency randomly distributed in [α, 1]ηmax, where ηmax = 0.5 and δ = 0.03 Hz. i, Simulations for α = 1 (top) and α = 0.4 (bottom).
