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Two-dimensional materials for integrated sensing

Nature Materials (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Recent advances in electrical multiply–accumulate (MAC) operations leveraging resistive-switching materials have catalysed significant progress in optoelectronic sensing and computing technologies through the exploration of emerging materials. These innovative approaches facilitate the encoding of optical amplitude information such as retina-like functionalities. However, a critical dimensional mismatch persists between electrical and optical information, resulting in a substantial portion of high-dimensional data channels remaining unexplored in conventional MAC operation schemes. Combined with advanced device architectures and data algorithms, two-dimensional materials are considered promising candidates to realize in situ encoding and optoelectronic sensing of multi-dimensional optical information under precise control owing to their tunable physical properties. In this Review, we outline the progress of emerging two-dimensional-materials-based ‘integrated sensors’, and benchmark electrical inputs with optical scenarios in a framework unifying information encoding. Exciting opportunities for integrated sensors are discussed as well, highlighting the requirements and differences in the encoding of different dimensions of information and exploring the potential for integrated sensors in other fields.

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Fig. 1: Emerging materials for novel integrations.
Fig. 2: Transition from electrical to optical inputs.
Fig. 3: Two-dimensional materials for spectral encoding.
Fig. 4: Two-dimensional materials for temporal information encoding.
Fig. 5: Challenges and perspectives for 2D-based integrated sensors.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2023YFB3611400 to W.H.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers T2521003 to W.H., 62361136587 to W.H., 62327812 to W.H., 62425405 to Y.C., 62504231 to H.X.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant number XDB0580000 to W.H.), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2022YFA1203804 to Y.C.), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (grant number RS-2024-00408989 to S.-H.B.), the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (grant number GZC20252246 to H.X.), the Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program (grant number 2025522 to H.X.) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (grant number 25ZR1402544 to H.X.).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Hangyu Xu, Zhihao Xu, Qinqi Ren, Yuan Meng.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Hangyu Xu & Weida Hu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Hangyu Xu & Weida Hu

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA

    Zhihao Xu, Yuan Meng, Sangmoon Han & Sang-Hoon Bae

  4. Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

    Qinqi Ren, Zhaoqing Wang & Yang Chai

  5. Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA

    Sang-Hoon Bae

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Contributions

W.H., S.-H.B. and Y.C. conceived of the idea and supervised the review. H.X., Z.X., Q.R. and Y.M. co-wrote the paper. S.H. and Z.W. provided valuable input to the overall process. All authors provided suggestions for revisions and improvements to the review.

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Correspondence to Yang Chai, Sang-Hoon Bae or Weida Hu.

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Xu, H., Xu, Z., Ren, Q. et al. Two-dimensional materials for integrated sensing. Nat. Mater. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-026-02551-4

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