Table 1 NYU Manhattan bronchoscopy comparison cohort

From: Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome

 

Outcomes

 

Variable

MV ≤ 28 days

MV > 28 days

Deceased

P value

n

52(36.6)

56(39.4)

34(24)

 

Age

59[38–67]

64[47–71]

64[56–72]

0.094

Sex (male)

40(76.9)

46(82.1)

25(73.5)

0.608

Race/ethnicity

   

0.231

 Caucasian

25(48.1)

28(50)

14(41.2)

 

 Hispanic or Latino

10(19.2)

16(28.6)

8(23.5)

 

 AAM

1(1.9)

4(7.1)

6(17.6)

 

 Asian

4(7.7)

4(7.1)

1(2.9)

 

 Other

22(42.3)

20(35.7)

13(38.2)

 

BMI

29[25–32]

26[23–29]

29[25–33]

0.094

Comorbidities

 Hyperlipidemia

11(21.2)

19(33.9)

7(20.6)

0.226

 Hypertension

29(55.8)

23(41.1)

17(50)

0.306

 CHF

2(3.8)

3(5.4)

3(8.8)

0.615

 CAD

5(9.6)

8(14.3)

5(14.7)

0.705

 Diabetes

18(34.6)

23(41.1)

13(38.2)

0.788

 Asthma

1(1.9)

0(0)

1(2.9)

0.478

 CKD

4(7.7)

3(5.4)

8(23.5)

0.017*#

 CVA

3(5.8)

10(17.9)

13(38.2)

0.001*#

Smoking Status

   

0.846

 Ever

10(19.2)

13(23.2)

8(23.5)

 

 Never

42(80.8)

43(76.8)

26(76.5)

 

Biomarkers¥

 IL-6

83[44–180]

40[16-143]

113[23–214]

0.284

 Lymphocytes

9[7–12]

6[4–8]

4[3–6]

6.984 × 10−11 *#$

 WBC

10.7[8.9–13.4]

12.2[9.8–15.7]

14.2[11–17.4]

0.004*

 Ferritin

1,286[722–2,513]

1,448[915–2,352]

1,882[1,001–2,893]

0.240

 CRP

49[23–135]

82[36–138]

66[37–157]

0.224

 D-dimer

2,038[956–3,592]

2,350[747–3,399]

2,006[889–3,035]

0.903

 PaO2/FiO2

168[103–210]

96[74–178]

97[65–152]

0.001*$

Treatment

 ECMO

10(19.2)

15(26.8)

2(5.9)

0.05#

 Dialysis

5(9.6)

15(26.8)

11(32.4)

0.023*$

 Steroids

26(50)

44(78.6)

28(82.4)

0.001*$

 Anticoagulation

50(96.2)

54(96.4)

34(100)

0.521

 Hydroxychloroquine

49(94.2)

51(91.1)

31(91.2)

0.799

 Tocilizumab

24(46.2)

23(41.1)

12(35.3)

0.604

Antiviral

18(34.6)

21(37.5)

14(41.2)

0.827

 Lopinavir/Ritonavir

10(19.2)

8(14.3)

6(17.6)

0.784

 Remdesivir

5(9.6)

8(14.3)

2(5.9)

0.436

Antibiotic

52(100)

56(100)

34(100)

 

 Azithromycin

48(92.3)

47(83.9)

28(82.4)

0.311

 Vancomycin

48(92.3)

53(94.6)

29(85.3)

0.294

 Piperacillin/tazobactam

45(86.5)

47(83.9)

21(61.8)

0.012*#

 Ceftriaxone

37(71.2)

40(71.4)

19(55.9)

0.246

 Cefepime

14(26.9)

22(39.3)

11(32.4)

0.392

 Amikacin

14(26.9)

23(41.1)

18(52.9)

0.048*

Antifungal

32(61.5)

48(85.7)

27(79.4)

0.012

 Micafungin

22(42.3)

37(66.1)

25(73.5)

0.006*$

 Fluconazole

14(26.9)

33(58.9)

10(29.4)

0.001$#

Respiratory culture

51(98.1)

56(100)

33(97.1)

0.478

 Positive bacteria

28(54.9)

49(87.5)

22(66.7)

0.001$#

 Staphylococcus aureus

11(21.6)

12(21.4)

5(15.2)

0.728

 MRSA

4(7.8)

5(8.9)

0(0)

0.221

 Klebsiella pneumoniae

2(3.9)

8(14.3)

2(6.1)

0.135

Blood culture

52(100)

56(100)

34(100)

 

 Positive bacteria

7(13.5)

17(30.4)

9(26.5)

0.101

Hospitalization data

 Hospital length of stay

40[33–47]

60[53–82]

34[23–53]

2.3968 × 10−11 #$

 ICU admission day

2[1–3]

2[0–4]

3[1–6]

0.413

 Sampling day

10[6–14]

13[8–16]

13[8–16]

0.115

 ICU length of stay

28[21–33]

52[41–63]

29[21–40]

7.3978 × 10−12 #$

 Intubation day

2[1–4]

3[1–5]

4[2–8]

0.125

 Ventilator days

21[16–24]

41[34–57]

25[18–32]

1.6601 × 10−19 #$

 Average follow-up

234[230,240]

230[224–235]

—

0.004$

 Days between death and ICU admission

n.a.

n.a.

30[22–47]

 
  1. Data expressed as n(%) or median[interquartile range].
  2. P values denote chi square and Kruskal–Wallis for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
  3. AAM, African American.
  4. BMI, body mass index. BMI is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
  5. CHF, congestive heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.
  6. ¥ Biomarkers calculated as median value day 1–14 after initiation of MV.
  7. IL-6, interleukin 6; WBC, white blood cell count; CRP, c-reactive protein; PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; FiO2, fraction inspired oxygen.
  8. ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
  9. Anticoagulation, full dose anticoagulation with therapeutic anti-Xa level > 0.3IU ml−1 and/or PTT > 45 s.
  10. Respiratory culture, defined as having any respiratory culture performed.
  11. Positive bacteria, a culture resulting in any bacterial growth.
  12. MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
  13. Blood culture, defined as having any blood culture performed.
  14. ICU, intensive care unit; ICU admission day, the number of days between hospital admission and ICU admission.
  15. Sampling day, the number of days between hospital admission and day of sample collection.
  16. Intubation day, number of days between hospital admission and day of intubation.
  17. Ventilator days, total number of days on MV.
  18. Average follow-up, number of days between hospital admission and the last day of active follow-up.
  19. n.a., not applicable.
  20. * Significance between ‘≤28 days’ and ‘deceased’
  21. # Significance between ‘>28 days’ and ‘deceased’
  22. $ Significance between ‘≤28 days’ and ‘>28 days’
Back to article page