Fig. 2: Prevalence of blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like genes among the rectal swabs of neonates and mothers.
a–c, Prevalence of blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like genes among the rectal swabs of neonates. The prevalence of all genes was higher in South-Asian countries compared to African countries, except for blaKPC, which was not found among neonates. d–f, Prevalence of blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like genes among the rectal swabs of mothers. A higher prevalence of genes was seen in MR from South-Asian countries compared to African countries. blaKPC genes were found in three Indian and four Pakistani rectal samples from mothers. The BARNARDS network included the following hospitals: Bangladesh: BC and BK; Ethiopia: ES; India: IN; Nigeria: NN, NW and NK; Pakistan: PP and PC; Rwanda: RU and RK; and South Africa: ZAT. Coloured maps were created using MapChart (https://www.mapchart.net). g,h, Carriage of blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like genes among neonates’ rectal swabs against age of neonates at rectal swab collection per continent: Asia (g) and Africa (h). The prevalence of each ARG is plotted. The total number of samples collected per day is shown in the circles below the graphs. From day 0, ARGs were detected in the neonatal rectal microbiota. There was a tendency to a decrease in prevalence of blaNDM (53.7% to 27.7%) and blaOXA-48-like (35.4% to 0%) genes among the Asian samples through the first 14 d of life.
