Extended Data Fig. 4: Evolution of a host-interaction life-style in the populations from the end of the host-associated evolution treatments.

a, Principal component analysis on characteristic stages of host-association for ancestral, host evolved and control evolved bacterial populations. Individual data points refer to replicate populations colored according to evolution treatment (Supplementary Table 5). b–f, Shifts in phenotypes from the bacterial ancestor in the evolved populations for (b) early colonization, determined by CFU extracted from L4 larvae exposed to bacteria for 1.5 hour; (c) persistence in L4 larvae kept in M9 buffer for 1h (raised on bacteria); (d) CFU of bacteria released from L4 larvae into buffer within 1h (previously raised on bacteria from L1 to L4), (e) swarming distance on 0.5% agar within 24; and (f) colony expansion on 3.4% agar within 72h. All panels show ratios of evolved over ancestral populations for five replicates shown as individual data points. The dashed line indicates the mean values obtained for the ancestral population. The difference between evolved and ancestral phenotypes were assessed using one-sided t-tests (fdr-corrected; Supplementary Table 8). In all box plots, median (center line), upper and lower quartiles (box limits) and the interquartile range (whiskers) are shown.