Fig. 4: SNP frequencies in the csp CTR.

a, Frequencies of SNPs along the CTR of csp identified from the nanopore data (combining both the VB (N = 109) and DBS (N = 87) samples, for a total of 196 analysed samples), relative to the 3D7 reference sequence. Amino acid positions 288 to 362 (in the 3D7 reference) are displayed left to right, ordered from N terminal to C terminal. Only variants with at least one sample carrying the non-reference allele are named on the x axis. b, Amino acid changes for the csp CTR for each sample in the study (N = 196, rows), where dark blue indicates the non-reference allele for that sample at that position. Samples in b are grouped by haplotype similarity as represented by the dendrogram (left), with the colour bar indicating whether the sampling location was Accra (orange) or Navrongo (sky blue). Note that the csp CTR spans from amino acids 273 to 397 in the 3D7 reference; however, no variants were identified in this cohort outside of the amino acids 288 to 362 displayed in the figure.