Table 1 Demographic and baseline characteristics of participants in the study

Age (years)

65 ± 7

61 ± 10

63 ± 9

Male (n (%))

29 (66)

28 (62)

57 (64)

Fasting glucose (mmol l⁻¹)

6.4 ± 0.2

6.4 ± 0.2

6.4 ± 0.2

HbA1c (mmol mol⁻¹)

38.2 ± 3.9

38.1 ± 4.5

38.2 ± 4.1

BMI^a

32.1 ± 3.8

32.2 ± 3.9

32.1 ± 3.8

HOMA-B

118.1 ± 30.0

119.1 ± 28.1

118.6 ± 28.9

HOMA-IR

5.4 ± 3.2

5.4 ± 3.4

5.4 ± 3.3

Fasting insulin (mIE l⁻¹)

18.8 ± 10.8

19.0 ± 11.5

18.9 ± 11.1

Fasting C-peptide (nmol l⁻¹)

1.22 ± 0.45

1.22 ± 0.39

1.22 ± 0.42

Fasting C-peptide-to-insulin ratio

0.074 ± 0.022

0.073 ± 0.020

0.074 ± 0.021

Bilirubin (μmol l⁻¹)

10.0 ± 4.1

9.8 ± 4.5

9.9 ± 4.3

ALP (μkat l⁻¹)

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

GGT (μkat l⁻¹)

0.7 ± 0.4

0.7 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 0.5

AST (μkat l⁻¹)

0.4 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

0.4 ± 0.2

ALT (μkat l⁻¹)

0.5 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.3

Fatty liver index^b

75.9 ± 20.5

76.9 ± 17.4

76.4 ± 18.9

Total cholesterol (mmol l⁻¹)

5.0 ± 1.1

5.1 ± 1.0

5.1 ± 1.0

LDL (mmol l⁻¹)

3.4 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 1.0

HDL (mmol l⁻¹)

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4

Triglycerides (mmol l⁻¹)

1.4 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.6

Creatinine (μmol l⁻¹)

82.1 ± 16.3

74.9 ± 12.5

78.5 ± 14.9

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²)

71.4 ± 11.0

78.8 ± 10.2

75.1 ± 11.1

Baseline physical activity (metabolic minutes per week)^c

2410 ± 1414

2225 ± 2028

2317 ± 1704

Food frequency score^d

4.7 ± 1.3

4.7 ± 2.3

4.7 ± 1.8