Fig. 5: Phenotypic differences of Hendra virus in human and horse cells.
a–e, Human (HFL-1) (a,b,e), horse (NBL-6) (a,c,e) and black flying fox (PaKiT) (a,d,e) cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 of Hendra virus prototype (Hendra virus/Australia/horse/1994), clade B (Hendra virus/Pteropus spp./Australia/RML-084/2018, 84), clade D (Hendra virus/Pteropus spp./Australia/RML-071/2018, 71) or Cedar virus (Cedar virus/Pteropus spp./Australia/AUSRML1/2021). a, Supernatants were collected 1 h after infection and every 24 h after, then titrated. Limit of detection (LOD), 0.8 TCID50 ml−1. n = 3, mean ± s.d. shown, representative of 2 independent experiments. For each cell line, each time point was compared to Hendra horse-infected cells using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. b–d, RT–qPCR of host genes normalized to the virus titre. ΔCT values were normalized to the average ΔCT value of mock infected cells to calculate ΔΔCt, then divided by the virus titre. The ΔΔCT/TCID50 ratio was normalized to Hendra prototype-infected cells then log10 transformed. Fold change of each gene at each time point was compared to Hendra horse-infected cells using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. n = 3, mean ± s.d. shown, representative of 2 independent experiments. e, Immunoblot of protein lysates collected at 72 and 96 hpi. The panel is representative of 3 independent western blots from 2 independent experiments. Source data. f, Virus titres from Vero CCL-81 cells treated with increasing doses of U-IFN for 24 h before infection with MOI 0.01 for 24 h. n = 6, mean ± s.d. shown, data from 2 independent experiments. (a–d) P values for comparisons to mock cells are indicated: ****P <0.0001, ***P <0.001, **P <0.01, *P <0.05; NS, not significant.
