Extended Data Fig. 4: Schematic overview of associations in the gut-kidney-axis. | Nature Microbiology

Extended Data Fig. 4: Schematic overview of associations in the gut-kidney-axis.

From: Host factors dictate gut microbiome alterations in chronic kidney disease more strongly than kidney function

Extended Data Fig. 4

New and previously reported associations between significant covariates in the gut-kidney axis. Blue arrows indicate significant db-RDA outcomes. Green lines indicate significant associations based on Spearman correlation tests. Red arrows indicate literature-based associations1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Grey arrow indicates the association between eGFR and microbiome after adjusting for significant covariates (Psychoanaleptics, AxSpA, drugs used in diabetes and faecal uric acid). Full arrows indicate associations, dashed arrows indicate hypotheses. Variables 1, with associations with eGFR in literature, include Axialspondyloarthritis11, Psycholeptics12, drugs used in diabetes13, antithrombotic agents14. Variables 2, without any associations with eGFR in literature, include Psychoanaleptics and Antianemic preparations. [1.]: p < 0.001; [2.]: p < 0.01; [3.]: p < 0.01; [4.]: p < 0.01; [5.]: p < 0.01; [6]: p < 0.001. Created in BioRender. Valkenburg, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/u79g621.

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