Fig. 1: Spatial and temporal context of the YFV epizootic in PEAL’s State Park (São Paulo, Brazil).
From: Evolution and spillover dynamics of yellow fever at the forest–urban interface in Brazil
a, Location of PEAL within Brazil (top left) and within São Paulo metropolitan area (bottom left; surrounding biomes from MapBiomas120; forested areas, green; farming, orange; freshwater, purple; non-forested natural formations, light brown). Right: spatial distribution of non-human primate (NHP) deaths and mosquito sampling across PEAL management zones (A–C). Red-outlined circle marks the first PEAL epizootic case (NP2067); blue-outlined circle marks the NHP co-infected with YFV and HAV (NP2754). Pie charts indicate mosquito pool sites, with the red sector indicating YFV-positive pools and circle area proportional to the number of sampled pools (smallest circle n = 2). NHP deaths are scaled by the number of carcasses (smallest n = 1). Note that a shows the collection of all mosquito taxa, not only H. leucocelaenus. Zones A, B and C correspond to different management areas within PEAL State Park, as defined by the official map from the Government of São Paulo. b, Epidemic curve of free-ranging A. guariba deaths at PEAL by epidemiological week from first epizootic case (NP2067). Bars are stacked by outcome (negative, suspected, positive, positive + sequenced); black line shows the cumulative percentage of deaths among the free-ranging A. guariba population at PEAL. Numbers indicate key events. c, Timeseries of non-blood-fed H. leucocelaenus pools collected at PEAL, coloured by RT–PCR YFV result (negative, positive + sequenced). The dark grey line and light grey shading shows mean temperature (°C) and minimum/maximum ranges from ERA5-Land121, illustrating seasonal conditions during mosquito surveillance. H, human; MO, mosquito; SP, São Paulo.
