Extended Data Fig. 10: Experimental determination for pump power electricity.

a, Average temperature of the heat source using different TIMs during high-power thermal management. b, Measured pressure drops of microchannels as a function of coolant volume flow. It should be mentioned that the heat flux of heat source was maintained at 100 W/cm², while regulating the coolant volume flow to keep a similar working temperature after the system was stable. Then, the pump power electricity was calculated and compared based on the relationship between the pressure drop and the coolant volume flow. The use of silicone grease necessitated a coolant volume flow of 2.3 L/min to sustain the 75 °C working condition. In contrast, employing colloidal LM as the TIM for 75 ^oC working conditions displayed a reduction in coolant volume flow to only 0.8 L/min, resulting in a notable decrease in microchannel pressure drop. This seemingly small difference in TIM application resulted in a several-fold difference in pump electricity consumption. With the use of silicone thermal grease, the pump power was measured at 36.51 W. On the other hand, the utilization of colloidal LM presented a 65% reduction in pump electricity consumption, amounting to 12.86 W.