Fig. 6: Personalized autologous vaccine for postoperative metastatic tumour therapy.
a, Schematic of RP@SMs or RP@DMs fabrication using tumour cell membranes derived from surgically resected tumours. b,e, Schematic of partial tumour resection, personalized vaccination schedule and analysis timeline. c,f, Tumour growth curves in different treatment groups (n = 9–10 mice per group). d,g, Quantification of pulmonary metastases across treatment groups (n = 6 mice per group). h, Schematic of the timeline of personalized vaccination and additional therapeutic strategies in postoperative tumour-bearing mice. i, Individual tumour growth trajectories per treatment group (n = 7–8 mice per group). j, Kaplan–Meier survival curves for each treatment group (n = 7–8 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test or a log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test with a confidence interval of 95%. Panels a, b, e and h created with BioRender.com.
