Fig. 3: Evidence of electron transfer.

a, In situ UV–vis absorption spectra of CeO2–IrO2 with Ir species in three sequential redox transitions15. b–d, The pulse–current (b), pulse–absorbance (c) and charge–absorption (d) relationships in time-resolved UV–vis absorption spectra of CeO2–IrO2. e, The surface charge density as a function of potential for CeO2–IrO2 and IrO2. f, The evolution of the surface charge density with the pulse duration for CeO2–IrO2 and IrO2.