Fig. 4: Cryogenic operation of the modulator at 5 K at 737 nm wavelength. | Nature Photonics

Fig. 4: Cryogenic operation of the modulator at 5 K at 737 nm wavelength.

From: High-speed programmable photonic circuits in a cryogenically compatible, visible–near-infrared 200 mm CMOS architecture

Fig. 4: Cryogenic operation of the modulator at 5 K at 737 nm wavelength.

a, A 16-sample averaged photodiode response for a 5 MHz, 20 V pk–pk square-wave driving signal. b, Zoomed-in falling edge of the square wave, showing the same ~5 ns fall time as that at room temperature. c, Direct current sweep of a single phase shifter in our modulator, showing the maximum extinction ratio of ~30 dB. d, Stability of our modulator held at 5 K and constant 20 V, showing <0.5% drift of the MZI set point over several minutes.

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